Chapter 10 Guided Reading
1: What are some of the chronic health effects of exposure to Benzene?
-drowsiness-dizziness-and headaches- irritations to eyes, skin, and respiratory track, and loss of consciousness at high levels
2: What are some of the potential sources of Benzene in the environment?
-tobacco smoke, and evaporating gasoline
3: Why is it so hard to link health problems to toxic air pollution?
-its linked to the population and how we move a lot and different responses to chemicals
4: Why it is said that between a state of health and a state of disease is a gray zone of
suboptimal health, a state of imbalance?
-this can mean that a person can not be healthy but no specifically be diagnosed under a disease
5: Explain what happened at Lake Nyos, Cameroon.
-release of carbon dioxide in the air and water and killed thousands of people and animals
6: What is the difference between a pollutant and a contaminant?
-pollutant is an unwanted change introduced by material while containment is making something unfit to use
7: Define the following:
• Toxin: a substance that is poisonous to living things
• Toxicology: the study of toxins
• Carcinogen:a toxin that increases the risk of cancer
• Synergism: when put together create bigger effect that when are separate
• Point sources: pollutants tat are introduced in the environment
Give example: smoke staks, pipes into the ocean
• Area sources (non-point):diffused over the land
Give example: urban runoff
• Mobile sources:move around and travel
Give example: airplanes
8: Define the following: (Identify when they are used)
• ppm: part per million > small amount of toxins
• ppb: parts per billion > reportation of pollutants
• mg/L:when dealing with water pollution
• μg/m3: concentration of the pollutant
9: What is an Infectious Agent?
-spread by the interaction between individuals and food, water, soil, and animals that we come in contact with,
(Give examples): flights, terrorist activities, HIV
A Closer Look 10.1
Sudbury Smelters: A Point Source
10: Explain what happened to the area surrounding the Sudbury Smelter as a result of the
release of heavy metal pollution into the air
-the forest around it was devastated by acid rain
11: What are some common heavy metals found in the environment? What health
hazards can they pose to humans
-mercury, silver, gold, nickel, platinum, arsenic, toxic effects, tend to be stored,
12: What is the concept of Body Burden? the quantity of heavy metals in our bodies
What are the body burdens for the following?
• Antimony: 8 mg
• Mercury: 13
• Arsenic: 18
• Cadmium: 30
• Lead: 150
13: Define biomagnification/bioaccumulation:
-biomagnification: the increase of on concentration of a substance through the food web, Bioccamulation: is as a individual
14: Describe how Cadmium is a good example of biomagnification.
-because its in small concentrations, and grows individually over time
15: How does Mercury enter the environment?
-volcanic eruptions, and erosion of natural mercury deposits, burning coal, processing metals
16: Define Methylation:when mercury is on surface water
17: Define Volatilization: whenreleased into the atmosphere
Read: A Closer Look 10.2- Mercury and Minamata, Japan
What are the 4 major factors that must be considered in evaluating and treating toxic
environmental pollutants?
-individuals vary in their response to exposure to the same dose, or amount, of a pollutant
-pollutants might have a threshold
-some effects are reversible
-the chemical form of a pollutant its activity and its potential to cause health problems may changed markebly by ecological and biological processes
18: Define: Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) and describe the properties that define
them
-synthetic compounds that are now restricted
-they have a carbon-based molecular structure often containing highly reactive chlorine
-they are polluting toxic
-they occur in forms that allow them to be transported by the wind, water, and sediments for long distances
Read: A Closer Look 10.3-
Dioxin: How Dangerous is it? most toxic man made chemical in the environment
How is Dioxin produced? by product of chemical reactions,
What happened in Times Beach, Missouri? contaminated by dioxin when government sprayed control dust
19: Give some examples of HAA’s: herbicides, pesticides, phthalates
20: Explain how PCB’s are harmful (found in plastics): effect reproduction, endocrine and hormonal disruption
Read: A Closer Look 10.4- Demasculinization and Feminization of Frogs
Explain how hormone disruptors (Endocrine disruptors) work
-natural hormones send chemical messages to cells, disrupt the role of natural hormones
21: How can Thermal Pollution affect a body of water and it’s biodiversity? Explain.
-power plants produce electricity release large amounts of heated water into rivers, changes water average temperature, and the concentration of dissolved oxygen and some species cant survive in that
22: What are examples of particulates?
-soot, asbestos fibers
23: Why is asbestos harmful to humans?lung disease can be caused, tumors,
24: How can EMF (Electromagnetic Fields) be harmful to humans?
-(electronics)-just risk of getting diseases with a higher chance
25: How is noise pollution measured?
-it is measure in decibels and the dose is 45 dB
26: What are some voluntary exposures to pollutants?
27: What is meant by the quote, “everything is poisonous, yet nothing is poisonous”?
Explain.
-this might mean that nothing is poisonous after a certain extennt and amount exposed to it for example water s good but too much can "drown" us
28: Describe the “dose-response”. Draw and label the generalized dose-response curve.
Explain each step.
dose response- is the point in which a chemical starts affecting you
29: Define the following:
• LD-50:is a crud approximation of a chemicals toxicity
• ED-50: effective dose) is the dose that cause an effect in 50% of the observants
• TD-50: (toxic dose)-the dose that is toxic to the 50% observants
• LD-0: maximum dose that does not cause any affects
30: Explain the concept of a threshold dose: is a level below which no effect occurs and above which effects begin to occur
31: Define:
• Behavioral tolerance: results from changes of behavior
• Physiological tolerance:results when the body of an individual adjusts to tolerate a higher level of pollutant
• Genetic tolerance:adaption results when some individuals in a population are naturally more resistant to a toxin than others
32: Explain the difference between an acute and chronic effect. acute is a short term effect and chronic over a long period of time
33: Explain the steps of risk assessment:
-1. identification of the hazard
2. Dose-response assesmnet
3. Exposure assessment
4. Risk Characterization
34: What is the precautionary principle?
-the idea that even full scientific certainty is not available to explain cause and effect
Read: “Is Lead in the Urban Environment Contributing to Antisocial Behavior”
35: What is the main point of the discussion about lead in the bones of children and
behavior?
-the main point of this discussion is the effect that lead has on children and where it comes from and why it should not be sxosed to our bodies and educate people about it.
36: Why is it difficult to establish standards for acceptable levels of pollution? In giving
your answer, consider physical, climatological, biological, social, and ethical reasons.
-it is difficult to establish standards for acceptable levels of pollution because different people respond to different chemicals differently.
-drowsiness-dizziness-and headaches- irritations to eyes, skin, and respiratory track, and loss of consciousness at high levels
2: What are some of the potential sources of Benzene in the environment?
-tobacco smoke, and evaporating gasoline
3: Why is it so hard to link health problems to toxic air pollution?
-its linked to the population and how we move a lot and different responses to chemicals
4: Why it is said that between a state of health and a state of disease is a gray zone of
suboptimal health, a state of imbalance?
-this can mean that a person can not be healthy but no specifically be diagnosed under a disease
5: Explain what happened at Lake Nyos, Cameroon.
-release of carbon dioxide in the air and water and killed thousands of people and animals
6: What is the difference between a pollutant and a contaminant?
-pollutant is an unwanted change introduced by material while containment is making something unfit to use
7: Define the following:
• Toxin: a substance that is poisonous to living things
• Toxicology: the study of toxins
• Carcinogen:a toxin that increases the risk of cancer
• Synergism: when put together create bigger effect that when are separate
• Point sources: pollutants tat are introduced in the environment
Give example: smoke staks, pipes into the ocean
• Area sources (non-point):diffused over the land
Give example: urban runoff
• Mobile sources:move around and travel
Give example: airplanes
8: Define the following: (Identify when they are used)
• ppm: part per million > small amount of toxins
• ppb: parts per billion > reportation of pollutants
• mg/L:when dealing with water pollution
• μg/m3: concentration of the pollutant
9: What is an Infectious Agent?
-spread by the interaction between individuals and food, water, soil, and animals that we come in contact with,
(Give examples): flights, terrorist activities, HIV
A Closer Look 10.1
Sudbury Smelters: A Point Source
10: Explain what happened to the area surrounding the Sudbury Smelter as a result of the
release of heavy metal pollution into the air
-the forest around it was devastated by acid rain
11: What are some common heavy metals found in the environment? What health
hazards can they pose to humans
-mercury, silver, gold, nickel, platinum, arsenic, toxic effects, tend to be stored,
12: What is the concept of Body Burden? the quantity of heavy metals in our bodies
What are the body burdens for the following?
• Antimony: 8 mg
• Mercury: 13
• Arsenic: 18
• Cadmium: 30
• Lead: 150
13: Define biomagnification/bioaccumulation:
-biomagnification: the increase of on concentration of a substance through the food web, Bioccamulation: is as a individual
14: Describe how Cadmium is a good example of biomagnification.
-because its in small concentrations, and grows individually over time
15: How does Mercury enter the environment?
-volcanic eruptions, and erosion of natural mercury deposits, burning coal, processing metals
16: Define Methylation:when mercury is on surface water
17: Define Volatilization: whenreleased into the atmosphere
Read: A Closer Look 10.2- Mercury and Minamata, Japan
What are the 4 major factors that must be considered in evaluating and treating toxic
environmental pollutants?
-individuals vary in their response to exposure to the same dose, or amount, of a pollutant
-pollutants might have a threshold
-some effects are reversible
-the chemical form of a pollutant its activity and its potential to cause health problems may changed markebly by ecological and biological processes
18: Define: Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) and describe the properties that define
them
-synthetic compounds that are now restricted
-they have a carbon-based molecular structure often containing highly reactive chlorine
-they are polluting toxic
-they occur in forms that allow them to be transported by the wind, water, and sediments for long distances
Read: A Closer Look 10.3-
Dioxin: How Dangerous is it? most toxic man made chemical in the environment
How is Dioxin produced? by product of chemical reactions,
What happened in Times Beach, Missouri? contaminated by dioxin when government sprayed control dust
19: Give some examples of HAA’s: herbicides, pesticides, phthalates
20: Explain how PCB’s are harmful (found in plastics): effect reproduction, endocrine and hormonal disruption
Read: A Closer Look 10.4- Demasculinization and Feminization of Frogs
Explain how hormone disruptors (Endocrine disruptors) work
-natural hormones send chemical messages to cells, disrupt the role of natural hormones
21: How can Thermal Pollution affect a body of water and it’s biodiversity? Explain.
-power plants produce electricity release large amounts of heated water into rivers, changes water average temperature, and the concentration of dissolved oxygen and some species cant survive in that
22: What are examples of particulates?
-soot, asbestos fibers
23: Why is asbestos harmful to humans?lung disease can be caused, tumors,
24: How can EMF (Electromagnetic Fields) be harmful to humans?
-(electronics)-just risk of getting diseases with a higher chance
25: How is noise pollution measured?
-it is measure in decibels and the dose is 45 dB
26: What are some voluntary exposures to pollutants?
27: What is meant by the quote, “everything is poisonous, yet nothing is poisonous”?
Explain.
-this might mean that nothing is poisonous after a certain extennt and amount exposed to it for example water s good but too much can "drown" us
28: Describe the “dose-response”. Draw and label the generalized dose-response curve.
Explain each step.
dose response- is the point in which a chemical starts affecting you
29: Define the following:
• LD-50:is a crud approximation of a chemicals toxicity
• ED-50: effective dose) is the dose that cause an effect in 50% of the observants
• TD-50: (toxic dose)-the dose that is toxic to the 50% observants
• LD-0: maximum dose that does not cause any affects
30: Explain the concept of a threshold dose: is a level below which no effect occurs and above which effects begin to occur
31: Define:
• Behavioral tolerance: results from changes of behavior
• Physiological tolerance:results when the body of an individual adjusts to tolerate a higher level of pollutant
• Genetic tolerance:adaption results when some individuals in a population are naturally more resistant to a toxin than others
32: Explain the difference between an acute and chronic effect. acute is a short term effect and chronic over a long period of time
33: Explain the steps of risk assessment:
-1. identification of the hazard
2. Dose-response assesmnet
3. Exposure assessment
4. Risk Characterization
34: What is the precautionary principle?
-the idea that even full scientific certainty is not available to explain cause and effect
Read: “Is Lead in the Urban Environment Contributing to Antisocial Behavior”
35: What is the main point of the discussion about lead in the bones of children and
behavior?
-the main point of this discussion is the effect that lead has on children and where it comes from and why it should not be sxosed to our bodies and educate people about it.
36: Why is it difficult to establish standards for acceptable levels of pollution? In giving
your answer, consider physical, climatological, biological, social, and ethical reasons.
-it is difficult to establish standards for acceptable levels of pollution because different people respond to different chemicals differently.