Chapter 8 guided Reading
Botkin & Keller- 8th Edition
Chapter 8- Biological Diversity and Biological Invasions
Name: _____________________________________
1: What is biological diversity?
-The variey of Life forms number of species r genetic type in na area
2: What is a population?
-is a group of individuals in the smae specific living, and sharing genetic information
3: What is a species?
-is all individuals that are capable of interbreeding
4: What are the 9 reasons why people value biodiversity?
-Utilitarian, public-service, ecological, moral, theological, aesthetic, recreational, spiritua;, and creative
Define the following:
* Genetic Diversity: the total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species, subspecies, or a group of species,
* Habitat Diversity: The different types of habitats in given unit area
* Species Diversity: IT has three qualities
* Species Richness: the total numbe of species
* Species Evenness: the relative abundance of species
* Dominant Species: the most abundant species
5: What are the 3 main domains of life?
-
6: What is biological evolution?
-Refers to the change in inherited characteristics of a population from generation to generation
7: What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological diversity.
-Mutations is when their is change in genes
-this affects biological dioversity because it affects the numbers and the change in genes which means much greater diversity
8: What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection?
-the process of increasing the proportion of the offspring
-inheritance from generation t generation
-environmental variability
-differential reproduction
-influence of the environment on survival and reproduction
A Closer Look 8.1
Natural Selection: Mosquitos and the Malaria Parasite
1: Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitos and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates
natural selection.Migration and Geographic Isolation
-Malaria has killed many people and it has been through mosquitoes, it poses a great threat to over 2.4 billion people, after the end of world war teo scientist discovered that DDT was very effective against these mosquitoes, tHey got this through natural selection the susceptible individuals died
1: How does Darwin’s Finches demonstrate the idea of Adaptive Radiation?
-This demostartes Adaptive Radioation because the species separated and already knew thei role inthose groups and adapted to this type of environment
2: Define: Genetic Drift
-Genetic drift refers to the changes in the frequency of a gene in a population due not to mutation, selection, or migration, but simply to chance
3: What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift?
-it is when a small number of individuals become isolated from a alrger population they may have much less genetic variation than the original species and the cahrateristics they have were just affected by chance which proves the Genetic Drift
Biological Evolution as a Strange Kind of Game
In summary, the theory of biological evolution tells us the following about biodiversity:
1: it is always chanching
2: adaption has no rigid ru,es,
3: species and ppopulations do become geographically isolated from time to time.
4: species alre always adaptin gand evolving to environmental change
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
1: Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel into Great Britain demonstrates
the Competitive Exclusion Principle.
-this is a example of the Competetive Exclusion Principle because both of them have many of the same habitat requirements and then the american squirrl has more advantages that is why the numbers are so high
asuring Niches
1: What is an ecological niche?
-the concept explainns how so many species can coexist
What is the difference between a fundamental and realized niche?
-Fundamental is is when it has no competition and the reaized is when it persist in the presence of the pne who has no competition
Symbiosis
1: In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to
both- each partner in symbiosis is called a: symbiont _________________
2: What is an obligate symbiont?
-When two organisms each provide what the other needs and neither could survive without the other
3: Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and dogsPredation and Parasitism
-Well people take in Dogs as pets and sometimes thedogs can be trained and be very useful in many ways
1: Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase species diversity in an
ecosystem
-Th epredetor can help keep the others from overwhelming and they will balance out
How Geography and Geology Affect Biological Diversity
1: In general, greater diversity occurs: _at lower latitudes _____________________
2: What geographic factors affect species biodiversity?
-slope, aspect, elevation, and nearness to a drainage basin
3: How can moderate environmental disturbances increase diversity?
-for example if theirs is a fire the specific type of fire commonly favor different kinds of species and increase it
4: How do people affect diversity? Explain.
-they affect diversity through urbinization, industrialization, and agriculture,
Factors That Tend to Increase Diversity Factors That Tend to Decrease Diversity
1:a phsically diverse habitat 1: environmental stress
2: moderate amount of disturbance 2: extreme environments
3:a small variation in environmnetal conditions 3:a limitation in supply and essential resource
4: high diversity in one trophic level increase the diveristy of the other4: extreme amounts of distrubance
5:an environemtnt highly modified 5: recent intro of exotic species
6:middle stages of succession 6: geographic isolation
7:evolution
Convergent and Divergent Evolution
1: Define and give an example of each of the following:
* Convergent Evolution: when species evolve in different places and time and develop similar external forms
* Divergent Evolution:population is divided which they evolve seperatly
Invasions, Invasive Species and Island Biogeography
1: What are the 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography?
--island have ewer species than continents
-the two sources of a new species on an isalnd are migration from the mailand and evolutionn of new species in place
-the smaller the island the fewer species
-the farther the island from a continet the fwer the species
2: What is an ecological island? is a comparatively small habitat of the smae kind
Study Questions
1: Why do introduced species often become pests?
-They become pests because they are not adapted there and might harm the other and not help but cause a problem
Chapter 8- Biological Diversity and Biological Invasions
Name: _____________________________________
1: What is biological diversity?
-The variey of Life forms number of species r genetic type in na area
2: What is a population?
-is a group of individuals in the smae specific living, and sharing genetic information
3: What is a species?
-is all individuals that are capable of interbreeding
4: What are the 9 reasons why people value biodiversity?
-Utilitarian, public-service, ecological, moral, theological, aesthetic, recreational, spiritua;, and creative
Define the following:
* Genetic Diversity: the total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species, subspecies, or a group of species,
* Habitat Diversity: The different types of habitats in given unit area
* Species Diversity: IT has three qualities
* Species Richness: the total numbe of species
* Species Evenness: the relative abundance of species
* Dominant Species: the most abundant species
5: What are the 3 main domains of life?
-
6: What is biological evolution?
-Refers to the change in inherited characteristics of a population from generation to generation
7: What causes mutations? Explain how this affects biological diversity.
-Mutations is when their is change in genes
-this affects biological dioversity because it affects the numbers and the change in genes which means much greater diversity
8: What is natural selection? What are the 4 primary factors involved in natural selection?
-the process of increasing the proportion of the offspring
-inheritance from generation t generation
-environmental variability
-differential reproduction
-influence of the environment on survival and reproduction
A Closer Look 8.1
Natural Selection: Mosquitos and the Malaria Parasite
1: Discuss the issue with Malaria, Mosquitos and DDT resistance and how this demonstrates
natural selection.Migration and Geographic Isolation
-Malaria has killed many people and it has been through mosquitoes, it poses a great threat to over 2.4 billion people, after the end of world war teo scientist discovered that DDT was very effective against these mosquitoes, tHey got this through natural selection the susceptible individuals died
1: How does Darwin’s Finches demonstrate the idea of Adaptive Radiation?
-This demostartes Adaptive Radioation because the species separated and already knew thei role inthose groups and adapted to this type of environment
2: Define: Genetic Drift
-Genetic drift refers to the changes in the frequency of a gene in a population due not to mutation, selection, or migration, but simply to chance
3: What is the Founder Effect and how does it demonstrate Genetic Drift?
-it is when a small number of individuals become isolated from a alrger population they may have much less genetic variation than the original species and the cahrateristics they have were just affected by chance which proves the Genetic Drift
Biological Evolution as a Strange Kind of Game
In summary, the theory of biological evolution tells us the following about biodiversity:
1: it is always chanching
2: adaption has no rigid ru,es,
3: species and ppopulations do become geographically isolated from time to time.
4: species alre always adaptin gand evolving to environmental change
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
1: Explain how the introduction of the American Gray Squirrel into Great Britain demonstrates
the Competitive Exclusion Principle.
-this is a example of the Competetive Exclusion Principle because both of them have many of the same habitat requirements and then the american squirrl has more advantages that is why the numbers are so high
asuring Niches
1: What is an ecological niche?
-the concept explainns how so many species can coexist
What is the difference between a fundamental and realized niche?
-Fundamental is is when it has no competition and the reaized is when it persist in the presence of the pne who has no competition
Symbiosis
1: In ecology, symbiosis describes a relationship between two organisms that is beneficial to
both- each partner in symbiosis is called a: symbiont _________________
2: What is an obligate symbiont?
-When two organisms each provide what the other needs and neither could survive without the other
3: Explain the symbiotic relationship between people and dogsPredation and Parasitism
-Well people take in Dogs as pets and sometimes thedogs can be trained and be very useful in many ways
1: Explain how predation and parasitism actually helps increase species diversity in an
ecosystem
-Th epredetor can help keep the others from overwhelming and they will balance out
How Geography and Geology Affect Biological Diversity
1: In general, greater diversity occurs: _at lower latitudes _____________________
2: What geographic factors affect species biodiversity?
-slope, aspect, elevation, and nearness to a drainage basin
3: How can moderate environmental disturbances increase diversity?
-for example if theirs is a fire the specific type of fire commonly favor different kinds of species and increase it
4: How do people affect diversity? Explain.
-they affect diversity through urbinization, industrialization, and agriculture,
Factors That Tend to Increase Diversity Factors That Tend to Decrease Diversity
1:a phsically diverse habitat 1: environmental stress
2: moderate amount of disturbance 2: extreme environments
3:a small variation in environmnetal conditions 3:a limitation in supply and essential resource
4: high diversity in one trophic level increase the diveristy of the other4: extreme amounts of distrubance
5:an environemtnt highly modified 5: recent intro of exotic species
6:middle stages of succession 6: geographic isolation
7:evolution
Convergent and Divergent Evolution
1: Define and give an example of each of the following:
* Convergent Evolution: when species evolve in different places and time and develop similar external forms
* Divergent Evolution:population is divided which they evolve seperatly
Invasions, Invasive Species and Island Biogeography
1: What are the 4 main principles in the theory of island biogeography?
--island have ewer species than continents
-the two sources of a new species on an isalnd are migration from the mailand and evolutionn of new species in place
-the smaller the island the fewer species
-the farther the island from a continet the fwer the species
2: What is an ecological island? is a comparatively small habitat of the smae kind
Study Questions
1: Why do introduced species often become pests?
-They become pests because they are not adapted there and might harm the other and not help but cause a problem