Chapter 14/15 Guided reading
1: How does the energy crisis in Ancient Greece and Rome compare to the oil crisis today?
Explain.
-The Acient Greeks and romans exhaustes the wood supply which they depended on for cooking anf heat, so they took a step further and took advantae of solar energy heat
Energy Basics
2: What is “work”? Definition and mathematical equation.
-Work is the product of force time distance
product x distance
Define the following:
* Chemical Energy: is the potential energy of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction
* Kinetic Energy: energy associated with movement
* Heat Energy: when things ove when one s hotter than the other
* Potential Energy: has the potential to move something
3: What is the “first law of thermodynamics”?
-energy can neither be created nor destroyed
4: What does it mean to have a “higher quality of energy”?
-When a type ofenergy can be converted to a different type and is more efficient
5: What is the “second law of thermodynamics”?
- Energy Efficiency
any conversion of energy from one
form to another requires that some of the initial energy input be degraded into a less
useful form, usually heat
6: Define: First-Law Efficiency-e amount of energy without consideration of the quality or availability, and is expressed by energy delivered/energy supplied
7: Define: Second-Law Efficiency
-minimum amount of energy required/actual energy input
Energy Units
8: What is the fundamental energy unit in the Metric System? How is it defined?
-Joule
10: What is thermal efficiency?
-the efficiency of a heat engine measured by the ratio of the work done by it to the heat supplied to it11: What is electrical resistivity? What does it cause?
-is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current.
12: What percentage of the energy in the United States is derived from fossil fuels?
-90 %
13: What percentage of the energy use in the United States is used efficiently?
- around 20%
Energy Conservation, Increased Efficiency and Cogeneration
Define the following:
14: Conservation: energy simply using less
15: Cogeneration (define and give an example): -
-hot water put into electric power plants
increasing the efficiency of our energy delivery processes by taking advantage of wasted heat energy
16: In the United States, space heating and cooling of homes and offices, water heating,
industrial processes and automobiles account for nearly ______% of the total energy use
-50%
Building Design
17: What is a passive solar energy system? Give examples
.inssulation help, windows, landscaping
18 What are some ways that older homes can be modified to be more energy efficient?
(17)solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat
Industrial Energy
19: U.S. Industry consumes about _______ of the energy produced.
-38%
Values, Choices and Energy Conservation
20: Name 3 ways that people could modify their behavior to help save energy
-turn off lights
-change lightbulbs
-have electric power
21: What is the concept of Integrated, Sustainable Energy Management?
No single energy source can provide all the energy required
22: What is the concept of micropower?
-- smaller, distributed systems for production of electricity
Critical Thinking Issue: Use of Energy Today and in 2030
23: How much energy in exajoules, did the world use in 2010 and what would you project global
energy use to be in 2030?
24: The average person emits as heat 100 watts of power. If we assume that 25% of it is emitted
by the brain, how much energy does your brain emit as heat in a year?
-9125
25: Can the world supply one-third more energy by 2030 without unacceptable environmental
damage? How?
-Yes by using alternative resources
26: In what specific ways could energy be used more efficiently in the United States?
-We could power less things use an efficient way of house building
chapter 15
1: What is Peak Oil? What is predicted to happen when we reach peak oil?
-time when we will have exhausted one-half of the Earth’s oil supply, which is expected between 2020 and 2050
Fossil Fuels
2: How were fossil fuels created?
-Fossil fuel is formed from organic matter made by plants that was trapped in the earth without a chance to decompose.
3: The major fossil fuels- crude oil, natural gas and coal- are our primary energy sources; they
provide approximately _______ of the energy consumed worldwide.
-90%
Crude Oil and Natural Gas
4: Where were crude oil and natural gas deposits created?
-Plate boundaries
5: Why do we not find oil and gas in geologically old rocks?
-they consist of a shell where gas can be trapped in
6: What the favorable rock structure to trap oil and gas deposits?
-Cap rock
Petroleum Production
7: How much oil can be recovered from wells by primary production?
-25 %
8: What are enhanced recovery techniques of oil and gas deposits?
- steam, water, or compressed gases are pumped into the field
9: Where are 60% of the total known reserves found?
-fields
10: When will world oil production likely to peak?
-21st century -2100
Natural Gas
12: Why is natural gas considered to be a clean fuel?
-Does not release many greenhouse gases when extracted
Coal-Bed Methane
13: What is coal-bed methane and how much is estimated to exist? (How many years does this
represent?)
-This gas is clean burning and produces lower amounts of carbon dioxide than other fossil fuels.
14: What are the PROS and CONS of drilling for and using coal-bed methane?
-Less gases in the atmosphere and cons the potential of affecting groundwater
Black Shale Natural Gas
15: What are some of the concerns of hydrologic fracturing for black shale natural gas?
-It can damage ecosystems such as the one in the Mississippi river
Methane Hydrates
16: What are methane hydrates composed of? How were they formed?
-Methane hydrates are found on the ocean floor in areas where deep, cold water under intense pressure has trapped methane within an ice lattice
17: Where do methane hydrates form?
Ocean floor
The Environmental Effects of Oil and Natural Gas
18: What are some of the environmental effects of recovery of oil and gas?
-, pollution of surface water from leaks and accidents, release of hydrocarbons to the atmosphere
19: What are some of the environmental effects of refining of oil and gas?
- 20: What are some of the environmental effects of delivery and use of oil and gas?
e spills, leaks, and air pollution as well as leaks of chemicals used in the refining processes.
21: What are some arguments FOR and AGAINST drilling in the ANWR (Alaskan National
Wildlife Refuge)?
-One of the last natural resovoirs
-Oil about 3 billion barrels
Coal
22: What is COAL? How is it created?
-s largest conventional source of fossil fuel
-Those most commonly used a fuel, in order of increasing energy per ton, are lignite, bituminous, and anthracite.
23: Which type of coal has the greatest energy content? Which type has the lowest?
-
Coal Mining and the Environment
24: What is strip mining?
-This special strip mining technique involves just what it sounds like. Any tree cover is removed, followed by the topsoil, and then the coal is excavated.
25: What are some of the environmental impacts of strip mining?
-Loss of biodiversity and habitat destruction
Mountaintop Removal
26: What are some of the environmental impacts of mountaintop removal?
-Environmental consequences are particularly severe due to ecosystem destruction and from runoff.
27: What does the “Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977” require?
Underground Mining
28: Underground Mining accounts for approximately _____% of the coal mined in the United
States
-40%
29: What are the dangers to miners in underground mining?
-acid mine drainaige
-human disease
-fires
30: What are the environmental impacts of underground mining?
-coal fires can burn for decades and release sulfur in the air
Transporting Coal
31: How is most of the coal transported in the United States?
The Future of Coal
32: The burning of coal produces nearly ___25_% of the electricity used and about _50___% of the
total energy consumed in the United States today
33: How much air emissions are created using coal to create electricity in the U.S.?
-25%
34: What did the Clean Air Amendment of 1990 mandate?
-forced utilities to seek cleaner types of coal and new technologies to remove pollutants before the coal is combusted and before the combustion products are released to the atmosphere
35: What is allowance trading?
-This is a market approach to regulating pollution. For example, they are allowed to release a given
amount of sulfur dioxide. If they release less than their allotment, they are allowed to sell
the credits.
Oil Shale and Tar Sands
36: What is oil shale? How is it created and where is it found?
-sedimentary rock containing a type of organic matter called kerogen
37: What are the environmental impacts of developing oil shale?
-uses alot of oil up to 60 liter per shale
Tar Sands
38: Why can’t petroleum be recovered from tar sands from conventional methods?
-sedimentary rocks or sands impregnated with tar oil asphalt, or bitumen.
39: How are tar sands processed?
Explain.
-The Acient Greeks and romans exhaustes the wood supply which they depended on for cooking anf heat, so they took a step further and took advantae of solar energy heat
Energy Basics
2: What is “work”? Definition and mathematical equation.
-Work is the product of force time distance
product x distance
Define the following:
* Chemical Energy: is the potential energy of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction
* Kinetic Energy: energy associated with movement
* Heat Energy: when things ove when one s hotter than the other
* Potential Energy: has the potential to move something
3: What is the “first law of thermodynamics”?
-energy can neither be created nor destroyed
4: What does it mean to have a “higher quality of energy”?
-When a type ofenergy can be converted to a different type and is more efficient
5: What is the “second law of thermodynamics”?
- Energy Efficiency
any conversion of energy from one
form to another requires that some of the initial energy input be degraded into a less
useful form, usually heat
6: Define: First-Law Efficiency-e amount of energy without consideration of the quality or availability, and is expressed by energy delivered/energy supplied
7: Define: Second-Law Efficiency
-minimum amount of energy required/actual energy input
Energy Units
8: What is the fundamental energy unit in the Metric System? How is it defined?
-Joule
10: What is thermal efficiency?
-the efficiency of a heat engine measured by the ratio of the work done by it to the heat supplied to it11: What is electrical resistivity? What does it cause?
-is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current.
12: What percentage of the energy in the United States is derived from fossil fuels?
-90 %
13: What percentage of the energy use in the United States is used efficiently?
- around 20%
Energy Conservation, Increased Efficiency and Cogeneration
Define the following:
14: Conservation: energy simply using less
15: Cogeneration (define and give an example): -
-hot water put into electric power plants
increasing the efficiency of our energy delivery processes by taking advantage of wasted heat energy
16: In the United States, space heating and cooling of homes and offices, water heating,
industrial processes and automobiles account for nearly ______% of the total energy use
-50%
Building Design
17: What is a passive solar energy system? Give examples
.inssulation help, windows, landscaping
18 What are some ways that older homes can be modified to be more energy efficient?
(17)solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat
Industrial Energy
19: U.S. Industry consumes about _______ of the energy produced.
-38%
Values, Choices and Energy Conservation
20: Name 3 ways that people could modify their behavior to help save energy
-turn off lights
-change lightbulbs
-have electric power
21: What is the concept of Integrated, Sustainable Energy Management?
No single energy source can provide all the energy required
22: What is the concept of micropower?
-- smaller, distributed systems for production of electricity
Critical Thinking Issue: Use of Energy Today and in 2030
23: How much energy in exajoules, did the world use in 2010 and what would you project global
energy use to be in 2030?
24: The average person emits as heat 100 watts of power. If we assume that 25% of it is emitted
by the brain, how much energy does your brain emit as heat in a year?
-9125
25: Can the world supply one-third more energy by 2030 without unacceptable environmental
damage? How?
-Yes by using alternative resources
26: In what specific ways could energy be used more efficiently in the United States?
-We could power less things use an efficient way of house building
chapter 15
1: What is Peak Oil? What is predicted to happen when we reach peak oil?
-time when we will have exhausted one-half of the Earth’s oil supply, which is expected between 2020 and 2050
Fossil Fuels
2: How were fossil fuels created?
-Fossil fuel is formed from organic matter made by plants that was trapped in the earth without a chance to decompose.
3: The major fossil fuels- crude oil, natural gas and coal- are our primary energy sources; they
provide approximately _______ of the energy consumed worldwide.
-90%
Crude Oil and Natural Gas
4: Where were crude oil and natural gas deposits created?
-Plate boundaries
5: Why do we not find oil and gas in geologically old rocks?
-they consist of a shell where gas can be trapped in
6: What the favorable rock structure to trap oil and gas deposits?
-Cap rock
Petroleum Production
7: How much oil can be recovered from wells by primary production?
-25 %
8: What are enhanced recovery techniques of oil and gas deposits?
- steam, water, or compressed gases are pumped into the field
9: Where are 60% of the total known reserves found?
-fields
10: When will world oil production likely to peak?
-21st century -2100
Natural Gas
12: Why is natural gas considered to be a clean fuel?
-Does not release many greenhouse gases when extracted
Coal-Bed Methane
13: What is coal-bed methane and how much is estimated to exist? (How many years does this
represent?)
-This gas is clean burning and produces lower amounts of carbon dioxide than other fossil fuels.
14: What are the PROS and CONS of drilling for and using coal-bed methane?
-Less gases in the atmosphere and cons the potential of affecting groundwater
Black Shale Natural Gas
15: What are some of the concerns of hydrologic fracturing for black shale natural gas?
-It can damage ecosystems such as the one in the Mississippi river
Methane Hydrates
16: What are methane hydrates composed of? How were they formed?
-Methane hydrates are found on the ocean floor in areas where deep, cold water under intense pressure has trapped methane within an ice lattice
17: Where do methane hydrates form?
Ocean floor
The Environmental Effects of Oil and Natural Gas
18: What are some of the environmental effects of recovery of oil and gas?
-, pollution of surface water from leaks and accidents, release of hydrocarbons to the atmosphere
19: What are some of the environmental effects of refining of oil and gas?
- 20: What are some of the environmental effects of delivery and use of oil and gas?
e spills, leaks, and air pollution as well as leaks of chemicals used in the refining processes.
21: What are some arguments FOR and AGAINST drilling in the ANWR (Alaskan National
Wildlife Refuge)?
-One of the last natural resovoirs
-Oil about 3 billion barrels
Coal
22: What is COAL? How is it created?
-s largest conventional source of fossil fuel
-Those most commonly used a fuel, in order of increasing energy per ton, are lignite, bituminous, and anthracite.
23: Which type of coal has the greatest energy content? Which type has the lowest?
-
Coal Mining and the Environment
24: What is strip mining?
-This special strip mining technique involves just what it sounds like. Any tree cover is removed, followed by the topsoil, and then the coal is excavated.
25: What are some of the environmental impacts of strip mining?
-Loss of biodiversity and habitat destruction
Mountaintop Removal
26: What are some of the environmental impacts of mountaintop removal?
-Environmental consequences are particularly severe due to ecosystem destruction and from runoff.
27: What does the “Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977” require?
Underground Mining
28: Underground Mining accounts for approximately _____% of the coal mined in the United
States
-40%
29: What are the dangers to miners in underground mining?
-acid mine drainaige
-human disease
-fires
30: What are the environmental impacts of underground mining?
-coal fires can burn for decades and release sulfur in the air
Transporting Coal
31: How is most of the coal transported in the United States?
The Future of Coal
32: The burning of coal produces nearly ___25_% of the electricity used and about _50___% of the
total energy consumed in the United States today
33: How much air emissions are created using coal to create electricity in the U.S.?
-25%
34: What did the Clean Air Amendment of 1990 mandate?
-forced utilities to seek cleaner types of coal and new technologies to remove pollutants before the coal is combusted and before the combustion products are released to the atmosphere
35: What is allowance trading?
-This is a market approach to regulating pollution. For example, they are allowed to release a given
amount of sulfur dioxide. If they release less than their allotment, they are allowed to sell
the credits.
Oil Shale and Tar Sands
36: What is oil shale? How is it created and where is it found?
-sedimentary rock containing a type of organic matter called kerogen
37: What are the environmental impacts of developing oil shale?
-uses alot of oil up to 60 liter per shale
Tar Sands
38: Why can’t petroleum be recovered from tar sands from conventional methods?
-sedimentary rocks or sands impregnated with tar oil asphalt, or bitumen.
39: How are tar sands processed?
AnWR Article
Energy EFFICIENCY POWER POINT notes
-"Getting more for the money"
Energy Efficiency: the measure of the useful energy.
-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics states that in any spontaneous change, the entropy of the universe must increase; which means that the quality of energy deteriorates gradually over time.
-chemical--->mechanical (+ heat)
-The Components
-----Input is all components (matter and/or energy) entering the system
-----Throughput is the flow of all components within the system.
-----Output is all components leaving the system
-Feedback
-----Negative feedback: reverses the direction of the flow.-GOOD
-----Positive feedback: changes the rate of the throughput, but not the direction.-BAD
-Reducing Energy Waste And Improving Energy Efficiency
-----Incandescent light bulb: 95% is lost as heat.
-----Internal combustion engine: 94% of the energy in its fuel is wasted.
-----Nuclear power plant: 92% of energy is wasted through nuclear fuel and energy needed for waste management.
-----Coal-burning power plant: 66% of the energy released by burning coal is lost.
-Fuel-Cell Vehicles
-----powered by a fuel cell that runs on hydrogen gas are being developed
-WAYS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
----- We can save energy in existing buildings by insulating them, plugging leaks, and using energy-efficient heating and cooling systems, appliances, and lighting.
-----Motor vehicles can run on ethanol, biodiesel, and methanol produced from plants and plant wastes.
-----The major advantages of biofuels are:
-----Crops used for production can be grown almost anywhere.
-----There is no net increase in CO2 emissions.
-----Widely available and easy to store and transport.
-GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
-----Dry steam: water vapor with no water droplets.
-----Wet steam: a mixture of steam and water droplets.
-----Hot water: is trapped in fractured or porous rock.
Energy Efficiency: the measure of the useful energy.
-The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics states that in any spontaneous change, the entropy of the universe must increase; which means that the quality of energy deteriorates gradually over time.
-chemical--->mechanical (+ heat)
-The Components
-----Input is all components (matter and/or energy) entering the system
-----Throughput is the flow of all components within the system.
-----Output is all components leaving the system
-Feedback
-----Negative feedback: reverses the direction of the flow.-GOOD
-----Positive feedback: changes the rate of the throughput, but not the direction.-BAD
-Reducing Energy Waste And Improving Energy Efficiency
-----Incandescent light bulb: 95% is lost as heat.
-----Internal combustion engine: 94% of the energy in its fuel is wasted.
-----Nuclear power plant: 92% of energy is wasted through nuclear fuel and energy needed for waste management.
-----Coal-burning power plant: 66% of the energy released by burning coal is lost.
-Fuel-Cell Vehicles
-----powered by a fuel cell that runs on hydrogen gas are being developed
-WAYS TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
----- We can save energy in existing buildings by insulating them, plugging leaks, and using energy-efficient heating and cooling systems, appliances, and lighting.
-----Motor vehicles can run on ethanol, biodiesel, and methanol produced from plants and plant wastes.
-----The major advantages of biofuels are:
-----Crops used for production can be grown almost anywhere.
-----There is no net increase in CO2 emissions.
-----Widely available and easy to store and transport.
-GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
-----Dry steam: water vapor with no water droplets.
-----Wet steam: a mixture of steam and water droplets.
-----Hot water: is trapped in fractured or porous rock.