Chapter 5 Guided Reading
Case Study: Sea Otters, Sea Urchins, and Kelp: Indirect Effects of Species on One Another
1: Define: Community Effect between two species
-When the interaction between two species leads to changes in the presence or absence of other species or to a large change in abundance of other species then a community effect have said to be occurred
2: Explain WHY the Sea Otter is considered the Keystone Species in this ecosystem. (Hint:
Explain the food chain)
-They are the keystone because they are the ones that keep the food chain in tack by being the ones that reduce the number of sea ervhins and by that less kelp is destroyed
3: Why were Sea Otters endangered and how did their numbers rebound?
-They were endangered due to commercial hunting for their furs,and their food is a great used sea food for us. their number increased due to protection done to them
5.1- The Ecosystem: Sustaining Life on Earth
1: Define Ecosystem Structure
-It has two major parts which are the nonliving and the living which consist o local atmosphere, water, mineral soil other substrate.
2: What two main processes must occur to maintain an ecosystem?
-A cycling of chemical elements and a flow of energy
5.2- Ecological Communities and Food Chains
1: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
-Food web is the linkage on who feeds on whom and the food web is a more complex structure of it
2: Define: Trophic Level
-This consist of all organisms in a food web that are the same number of feeding levels away from the original energy source
3: Define: Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, Carnivores, Herbivores, Decomposers
-Autotrophs: self nourishing
Heterotrophs: all other organisms
Carnivores: meat-eaters
Herbivores: animals that feed on plants
decomposters: those who feed on organic material
4: Explain the food web of Yellowstone Hot Springs. Explain each trophic level (include a
photo).
5: Explain a pelagic ecosystem. Explain each trophic level (include photos). (bottom)
Trophic levels :
1) microscopic single-cell planktonic algae and planktonic photosynthetic bacteria
2) zooplankton and some fish
3) Other fish and invertibrates
4) Some fish and marine animals
A Closer Look- Land and Marine Food Webs
1: Look at the terrestrial food web. Should we include people within this ecosystem’s food web?
That would place us within nature. OR should we place people outside of the ecosystem, thus
separate from nature?
-We shoulld actually include orselves but it would be difficult to categorize us as well and we are part of nature so we should
5.3- Ecosystems as Systems
1: Why are ecosystems considered to be OPEN systems?
-Because enenergy flow into and out of them
2: Define: Watershed
- Practical delineation of the boundary of an ecosystem
5.4- Biological Production and Ecosystem Energy Flow
1: Define: Energy
-It is the ability to do work, to move matter
2: Explain: Ecosystem Energy Flow- What two ways does energy enter an ecosystem?
-is the movement of energy though sn ecosystem from the external environment through a series of organims and back to the external environment
-energy fixed by organims amnd moving through food wbs withing an ecosystem
-heat energy that is transferred by air or water currents or by convenction through soils and sediments and warms living things
The Laws of Thermodynamics and the Ultimate Limit on the Abundance of Life
1: The First Law of Thermodynamics is also known as what? Define it.
-in any physical or chemical change, energy is neither created nor destroyed but merely changed from one form to another
2: What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics say?
-Whenever useful work is done, some energy is inevitably converted to heat
3: Define Entropy (give an example).
-The measure of the decrease in order
4: What is an intermediate system?
-an ecosystem must lie between a source of unsuable energy and a sink for degraded (heat) energy
5.5- Biological Production and Biomass
1: What is biomass?
The total amount of organic matter in anyand ecosystem.
2: Define the following:
*Biological Production The capture of usable energy from the environment to produce organic matter (or organic compounds).
* Gross Production The increase in stored energy before any is used.
* Net Production The amount of newly acquired energy stored after some energy has been used.
3: What are the 3 measures that are used for biomass and biological production?
-The quantity of organic material (biomass), energy stored, and carbon stored
4: What is primary production- who carries this out? The production by autotrophs.
5: What is secondary production- who is involved?The production by heterotrophs.
6: Who are chemoautotrophs? Explain- where are they usually found?
Some autotrophs that can derive energy from inorganic sulfur compounds; they live in deep ocean vents
5.6 Energy Efficiency and Transfer Efficiency
1: What is energy efficiency?The ratio of output to input, and it is usually further defined as the amount of useful work obtained from some amount of available energy.
2: How would energy efficiency look with a wolf and moose population? Explain.Wolf needs energy to travel and hunt. Its efficiency is based on how well it will do based on the energy used to eat the moose.
3: What is food-chain or trophic level efficiency? Ratio of production of one trophic level to the next lower level.4: Generally, how much energy is lost to heat when being transferred between trophic levels? 90%
5.7- Ecological Stability and Succession
1: What is ecological succession?When an ecosystem is able to recover after being disturbed
.2: Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession- give an example of each.Primary-Establishment of ecosystem where it didn't exist previously. Ex. Forest developing on lava flows.Secondary-Reestablishment of ecosystem after disturbance. Ex. Coral reef killed by pollution and climatechanged. Both-Processes of succession, involve establishment of an ecosystem.
3: Explain how succession would look in a Dune.
Dune is formed, and then dune grass invades. The stems carry out photosynthesis and grasses grow.When dune grass is established, it stabilizes sand and seeds have a better chance to germinate. Newplants begin to grow, and then species begin to develop. Larger plants are able to grow, and then a forest will develop.
4: Explain how succession would look in a Bog.Sedge puts out floating runners. Sedge stems grow on runners and carry out photosynthesis. Windblows particles onto soil and develops. Other plants will land on the mat and germinate. Trees andshrubs will be adapted to the environment and grow. The big will fill and trees can withstand the wetconditions. It will become a wetland forest eventually
5: Explain how succession would look in an old-field.Small plants adapt to the harsh conditions of the clearing. Larger plants will show up eventually whichwill create a dense forest
6: Explain how succession would look in a coral reef.
Corals settle on solid surfaces and produce a hard polyp of calcium carbonate. As they die, the materialbecomes the surface which new individuals can establish on them. Algae, coral, snails and urchins liveand die on the reef also. Eventually, complex structures result involving many other species.
5.9- How Species Change Succession
1: Explain facilitation in succession and where is it most common? Species change the local environment in ways that make is suitable for another species on later stages.Earlier-successional species do this.
2: Explain interference in succession and what it can lead to.Situations where the earlier-successional species changes the environment so it's unsuitable for anotherspecies of later-successional stage.
3: What is chronic patchiness? When does this occur? When no species interact through succession
1: Define: Community Effect between two species
-When the interaction between two species leads to changes in the presence or absence of other species or to a large change in abundance of other species then a community effect have said to be occurred
2: Explain WHY the Sea Otter is considered the Keystone Species in this ecosystem. (Hint:
Explain the food chain)
-They are the keystone because they are the ones that keep the food chain in tack by being the ones that reduce the number of sea ervhins and by that less kelp is destroyed
3: Why were Sea Otters endangered and how did their numbers rebound?
-They were endangered due to commercial hunting for their furs,and their food is a great used sea food for us. their number increased due to protection done to them
5.1- The Ecosystem: Sustaining Life on Earth
1: Define Ecosystem Structure
-It has two major parts which are the nonliving and the living which consist o local atmosphere, water, mineral soil other substrate.
2: What two main processes must occur to maintain an ecosystem?
-A cycling of chemical elements and a flow of energy
5.2- Ecological Communities and Food Chains
1: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
-Food web is the linkage on who feeds on whom and the food web is a more complex structure of it
2: Define: Trophic Level
-This consist of all organisms in a food web that are the same number of feeding levels away from the original energy source
3: Define: Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, Carnivores, Herbivores, Decomposers
-Autotrophs: self nourishing
Heterotrophs: all other organisms
Carnivores: meat-eaters
Herbivores: animals that feed on plants
decomposters: those who feed on organic material
4: Explain the food web of Yellowstone Hot Springs. Explain each trophic level (include a
photo).
5: Explain a pelagic ecosystem. Explain each trophic level (include photos). (bottom)
Trophic levels :
1) microscopic single-cell planktonic algae and planktonic photosynthetic bacteria
2) zooplankton and some fish
3) Other fish and invertibrates
4) Some fish and marine animals
A Closer Look- Land and Marine Food Webs
1: Look at the terrestrial food web. Should we include people within this ecosystem’s food web?
That would place us within nature. OR should we place people outside of the ecosystem, thus
separate from nature?
-We shoulld actually include orselves but it would be difficult to categorize us as well and we are part of nature so we should
5.3- Ecosystems as Systems
1: Why are ecosystems considered to be OPEN systems?
-Because enenergy flow into and out of them
2: Define: Watershed
- Practical delineation of the boundary of an ecosystem
5.4- Biological Production and Ecosystem Energy Flow
1: Define: Energy
-It is the ability to do work, to move matter
2: Explain: Ecosystem Energy Flow- What two ways does energy enter an ecosystem?
-is the movement of energy though sn ecosystem from the external environment through a series of organims and back to the external environment
-energy fixed by organims amnd moving through food wbs withing an ecosystem
-heat energy that is transferred by air or water currents or by convenction through soils and sediments and warms living things
The Laws of Thermodynamics and the Ultimate Limit on the Abundance of Life
1: The First Law of Thermodynamics is also known as what? Define it.
-in any physical or chemical change, energy is neither created nor destroyed but merely changed from one form to another
2: What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics say?
-Whenever useful work is done, some energy is inevitably converted to heat
3: Define Entropy (give an example).
-The measure of the decrease in order
4: What is an intermediate system?
-an ecosystem must lie between a source of unsuable energy and a sink for degraded (heat) energy
5.5- Biological Production and Biomass
1: What is biomass?
The total amount of organic matter in anyand ecosystem.
2: Define the following:
*Biological Production The capture of usable energy from the environment to produce organic matter (or organic compounds).
* Gross Production The increase in stored energy before any is used.
* Net Production The amount of newly acquired energy stored after some energy has been used.
3: What are the 3 measures that are used for biomass and biological production?
-The quantity of organic material (biomass), energy stored, and carbon stored
4: What is primary production- who carries this out? The production by autotrophs.
5: What is secondary production- who is involved?The production by heterotrophs.
6: Who are chemoautotrophs? Explain- where are they usually found?
Some autotrophs that can derive energy from inorganic sulfur compounds; they live in deep ocean vents
5.6 Energy Efficiency and Transfer Efficiency
1: What is energy efficiency?The ratio of output to input, and it is usually further defined as the amount of useful work obtained from some amount of available energy.
2: How would energy efficiency look with a wolf and moose population? Explain.Wolf needs energy to travel and hunt. Its efficiency is based on how well it will do based on the energy used to eat the moose.
3: What is food-chain or trophic level efficiency? Ratio of production of one trophic level to the next lower level.4: Generally, how much energy is lost to heat when being transferred between trophic levels? 90%
5.7- Ecological Stability and Succession
1: What is ecological succession?When an ecosystem is able to recover after being disturbed
.2: Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession- give an example of each.Primary-Establishment of ecosystem where it didn't exist previously. Ex. Forest developing on lava flows.Secondary-Reestablishment of ecosystem after disturbance. Ex. Coral reef killed by pollution and climatechanged. Both-Processes of succession, involve establishment of an ecosystem.
3: Explain how succession would look in a Dune.
Dune is formed, and then dune grass invades. The stems carry out photosynthesis and grasses grow.When dune grass is established, it stabilizes sand and seeds have a better chance to germinate. Newplants begin to grow, and then species begin to develop. Larger plants are able to grow, and then a forest will develop.
4: Explain how succession would look in a Bog.Sedge puts out floating runners. Sedge stems grow on runners and carry out photosynthesis. Windblows particles onto soil and develops. Other plants will land on the mat and germinate. Trees andshrubs will be adapted to the environment and grow. The big will fill and trees can withstand the wetconditions. It will become a wetland forest eventually
5: Explain how succession would look in an old-field.Small plants adapt to the harsh conditions of the clearing. Larger plants will show up eventually whichwill create a dense forest
6: Explain how succession would look in a coral reef.
Corals settle on solid surfaces and produce a hard polyp of calcium carbonate. As they die, the materialbecomes the surface which new individuals can establish on them. Algae, coral, snails and urchins liveand die on the reef also. Eventually, complex structures result involving many other species.
5.9- How Species Change Succession
1: Explain facilitation in succession and where is it most common? Species change the local environment in ways that make is suitable for another species on later stages.Earlier-successional species do this.
2: Explain interference in succession and what it can lead to.Situations where the earlier-successional species changes the environment so it's unsuitable for anotherspecies of later-successional stage.
3: What is chronic patchiness? When does this occur? When no species interact through succession
1sttrophic level: autotrops-photosynthetic bacteria and algae
2ndtrophic level: herbivores, ephydrid flies 3rdtrophic level: spider mite, dolichopodid fly, wasp, dragonfly, and killdeer 4thtrophic level: decomposers |
A pelagic ecosystem is an ecosystem that occurs in the floating part of an ocean or sea, without anyphysical connections to the bottom of the ocean or sea.
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